Ahle Bayt Repo

عربي

Did Imam Ali (peace be on him) pay allegiance to the three caliphs?

Hadith No: 1

Narrated `Aisha:

Fatima the daughter of the Prophet (s.a.w.a.) sent someone to Abu Bakr (when he was a caliph), asking for her inheritance of what Allah's Messenger (s.a.w.a.) had left of the property bestowed on him by Allah from the Fai (i.e. booty gained without fighting) in Medina, and Fadak, and what remained of the Khumus of the Khaibar booty. On that, Abu Bakr said, "Allah's Messenger (s.a.w.a.) said, "Our property is not inherited. Whatever we leave, is Sadaqa, but the family of (the Prophet) Muhammad can eat of this property.' By Allah, I will not make any change in the state of the Sadaqa of Allah's Messenger (s.a.w.a.) and will leave it as it was during the lifetime of Allah's Messenger (s.a.w.a.), and will dispose of it as Allah's Messenger (s.a.w.a.) used to do." So Abu Bakr refused to give anything of that to Fatima. So she became angry with Abu Bakr and kept away from him, and did not task to him till she died. She remained alive for six months after the death of the Prophet. When she died, her husband `Ali, buried her at night without informing Abu Bakr and he said the funeral prayer by himself. When Fatima was alive, the people used to respect `Ali much, but after her death, `Ali noticed a change in the people's attitude towards him. So `Ali sought reconciliation with Abu Bakr and gave him an oath of allegiance. `Ali had not given the oath of allegiance during those months (i.e. the period between the Prophet's death and Fatima's death). `Ali sent someone to Abu Bakr saying, "Come to us, but let nobody come with you," as he disliked that `Umar should come, `Umar said (to Abu Bakr), "No, by Allah, you shall not enter upon them alone " Abu Bakr said, "What do you think they will do to me? By Allah, I will go to them' So Abu Bakr entered upon them, and then `Ali uttered Tashah-hud and said (to Abu Bakr), "We know well your superiority and what Allah has given you, and we are not jealous of the good what Allah has bestowed upon you, but you did not consult us in the question of the rule and we thought that we have got a right in it because of our near relationship to Allah's Messenger (s.a.w.a.) ." Thereupon Abu Bakr's eyes flowed with tears. And when Abu Bakr spoke, he said, "By Him in Whose Hand my soul is to keep good relations with the relatives of Allah's Messenger (s.a.w.a.) is dearer to me than to keep good relations with my own relatives. But as for the trouble which arose between me and you about his property, I will do my best to spend it according to what is good, and will not leave any rule or regulation which I saw Allah's Messenger (s.a.w.a.) following, in disposing of it, but I will follow." On that `Ali said to Abu Bakr, "I promise to give you the oath of allegiance in this after noon." So when Abu Bakr had offered the Zuhr prayer, he ascended the pulpit and uttered the Tashah-hud and then mentioned the story of `Ali and his failure to give the oath of allegiance, and excused him, accepting what excuses he had offered; Then `Ali (got up) and praying (to Allah) for forgiveness, he uttered Tashah-hud, praised Abu Bakr's right, and said, that he had not done what he had done because of jealousy of Abu Bakr or as a protest of that Allah had favored him with. `Ali added, "But we used to consider that we too had some right in this affair (of rulership) and that he (i.e. Abu Bakr) did not consult us in this matter, and therefore caused us to feel sorry." On that all the Muslims became happy and said, "You have done the right thing." The Muslims then became friendly with `Ali as he returned to what the people had done (i.e. giving the oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr)


Reference: Saheeh al-Bukhari Book 64 Tradition No. 278
Hadith No: 2

It is narrated on the authority of Urwa b. Zubair who narrated from A'isha that she informed him that Fatima, daughter of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.), sent someone to Abu Bakr to demand from him her share of the legacy left by the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.) from what Allah had bestowed upon him at Medina and Fadak and what was left from one-filth of the income (annually received) from Khaibar. Abu Bakr said:

The Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.) said:" We (prophets) do not have any heirs; what we leave behind is (to be given in) charity." The household of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.) will live on the income from these properties, but, by Allah, I will not change the charity of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.) from the condition in which it was in his own time. I will do the same with it as the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upun him) himself used to do. So Abu Bakr refused to hand over anything from it to Fatima who got angry with Abu Bakr for this reason. She forsook him and did not talk to him until the end of her life. She lived for six months after the death of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.). When she died, her husband. 'Ali b. Abu Talib, buried her at night. He did not inform Abu Bakr about her death and offered the funeral prayer over her himself. During the lifetime of Fatima, 'All received (special) regard from the people. After she had died, he felt estrangement in the faces of the people towards him. So he sought to make peace with Abu Bakr and offer his allegiance to him. He had not yet owed allegiance to him as Caliph during these months. He sent a person to Abu Bakr requesting him to visit him unaccompanied by anyone (disapproving the presence of Umar). 'Umar said to Abu Bakr: BY Allah, you will not visit them alone. Abu Bakr said: What will they do to me? By Allah, I will visit them. And he did pay them a visit alone. 'All recited Tashahhud (as it is done in the beginning of a religious sermon) ; then said: We recognise your moral excellence and what Allah has bestowed upon you. We do not envy the favour (i. e. the Catiphate) which Allah nas conferred upon you; but you have done it (assumed the position of Caliph) alone (without consulting us), and we thought we had a right (to be consulted) on account of our kinship with the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.). He continued to talk to Abu Bakr (in this vein) until the latter's eyes welled up with tears. Then Abd Bakr spoke and said: By Allah, in Whose Hand is my life, the kinship of the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.) is dearer to me than the kinship of my own people. As regards the dispute that has arisen between you and me about these properties, I have not deviated from the right course and I have not given up doing about them what the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.a.) used to do. So 'Ali said to Abu Bakr: This aftetnoon is (fixed) for (swearing) allegiance (to you). So when Abu Bakr had finished his Zuhr prayer, he ascended the pulpit and recited Tashahhud, and described the status of 'Ali, his delay in swearing allegiance and the excuse which lie had offered to him (for this delay). (After this) he asked for God's forgiveness. Then 'Ali b. Abu Talib recited the Tashahhud. extolled the merits of Abu Bakr and (said that) his action was nott prompted by any jealousy of Abu Bakr on his part or his refusal to accept the high position which Allah had conferred upon him, (adding: ) But we were of the opinion that we should have a share in the government, but the matter had been decided without taking us into confidence, and this displeased us. (Hence the delay in offering allegiance. The Muslims were pleased with this (explanation) and they said: You have done the right thing. The Muslims were (again) favourably inclined to 'Ali since he adopted the proper course of action.


Reference: Saheeh Muslim Book 32 Tradition No. 61
Hadith No: 3
Ibn Hibban - Sahih Ibn Hibban - Book of Seerah - Chapter on Ghanimah and Its Distribution Mentioning the Reason for Which the Chosen One (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) Was Being Restricted
Volume: (11) - Page Number: (152)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
4823 - Muhammad ibn Ubaydullah ibn al-Fadl al-Kal'aee narrated to us in Homs, saying: Amr ibn Uthman ibn Sa'id narrated to us, saying: My father narrated to us from Shu'aib ibn Abi Hamzah, from al-Zuhri, who said: Urwah ibn al-Zubair informed me that Aisha told him that Fatimah, daughter of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny), sent a message to Abu Bakr asking him for her inheritance from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) from what Allah had bestowed upon His Messenger. At that time, Fatimah (may Allah be pleased with her) was seeking the charity (sadaqah) of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) in Medina, Fadak, and what remained of the fifth of Khaybar. Aisha said: Abu Bakr replied, "The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) said, 'We do not inherit; what we leave behind is charity (sadaqah). The family of Muhammad only eats from this wealth, and they are not permitted to take more than sustenance.' And, by Allah, I will not change anything from the charities (sadaqat) of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) from the state it was in during his time." He said, "I will act in it as the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) acted." So Abu Bakr refused to give Fatimah anything from it, and Fatimah was upset with Abu Bakr over this, so she boycotted him and did not speak to him until she passed away. She lived for six months after the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny). When she died, Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him and his holy progeny) buried her at night and did not inform Abu Bakr. Ali prayed over her, and Ali had a favorable standing among the people during the life of Fatimah. But when Fatimah (may Allah be pleased with her) passed away, the people's faces turned away from Ali, to the extent that he became unrecognizable to them. In this way, Ali then turned to reconciling with Abu Bakr and pledging allegiance to him, although he had not pledged allegiance during those months. He sent a message to Abu Bakr, asking him to come to them....

Reference: Saheeh Ibn Hibbaan Book 11
Hadith No: 4
Al-Bayhaqi - Sunan al-Kubra - Volume 37: The Book of the Division of Spoils and War Booty
Chapter on the Explanation of the Use of Four-Fifths of the Spoils after the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny)
and that they should be placed where the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) used to place the surplus offerings of those funds in matters that would benefit Islam and its people,
and that they were not inherited from him.
Volume: (6) - Page Number: (489)
12732 - Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Yahya ibn Abd al-Jabbar informed us in Baghdad, saying: Isma'il ibn Muhammad al-Saffar narrated to me, saying: Ahmad ibn Mansur narrated to us, saying: Abd al-Razzaq narrated to me, from Ma'mar, from al-Zuhri, from Urwah, from Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her): that Fatimah and al-Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) came to Abu Bakr seeking their inheritance from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny), and at that time they were asking for his land in Fadak and his share in Khaybar. Abu Bakr said to them: "I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) say, 'We do not leave behind anything that we forsake as inheritance; it is charity. The family of Muhammad eat from this wealth!'" By Allah, I will not leave something I saw the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) do after him." Then Fatimah (may Allah be pleased with her) became angry and abandoned him, and she did not speak to him until she died. Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) buried her at night and did not inform Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) about it. Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) said that Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) had a position among the people during Fatimah's (may Allah be pleased with her) life. However, when Fatimah (may Allah be pleased with her) died, he turned away from the people's attention at that time. Ma'mar said: I asked al-Zuhri, "How long did Fatimah live after the Prophet (peace be upon him and his holy progeny)?" He replied: "Six months." Then a man said to al-Zuhri, "Why did Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) not pledge allegiance to him until Fatimah (may Allah be pleased with her) died?" He replied: "Nor anyone from Banu Hashim." - Al-Bukhari narrated this in the Sahih from two sources, from Ma'mar, and Muslim narrated it from Ibn Rahwayh and others from Abd al-Razzaq - and al-Zuhri's statement about Ali's (may Allah be pleased with him) abstention from the pledge of Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) until Fatimah (may Allah be pleased with her) passed away is disconnected. The hadith of Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) regarding his allegiance to him when he was pledged allegiance to in the general pledge after the Saqifah is stronger. Perhaps al-Zuhri meant his abstention from her after the pledge and then his rising to her again and fulfilling her obligations. And Allah knows best.

Reference: Al-Sunan al-Kubra Book 6
Hadith No: 5
Al-Tabarani - Musnad al-Shamiyyin
What has been transmitted to us from the Musnad of Marzuq ibn Abi al-Hudhayl
Shu'ayb from al-Zuhri from Urwah ibn al-Zubayr
Volume: (4) - Page Number: (198)
3097 - Abu Zur'ah narrated to us, saying: Abu al-Yaman narrated to us, who said: Shu'ayb narrated to us from al-Zuhri, who told me that Urwah ibn al-Zubayr informed him that Aisha told him: Fatimah, the daughter of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny), sent a message to Abu Bakr asking him for her inheritance from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) from what Allah had bestowed upon His Messenger. At that time, Fatimah was seeking the Prophet's (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) charity that was in Medina and what remained of the khums from Khaybar. Aisha said: Abu Bakr replied, "The Prophet (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) said, 'We do not inherit what we leave; it is charity.' The family of Muhammad (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) used to eat from this wealth" - meaning Allah's wealth - "but they are not permitted to take more than food." And I swear by Allah, I will not change the charities of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) from the state they were in during the lifetime of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his holy progeny), and I will act in them as the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) acted in them." So Abu Bakr refused to give Fatimah anything from it, and Fatimah was upset with Abu Bakr over that, so she abandoned him and did not speak to him until she died. She lived for six months after the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny). When she died, Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) buried her at night and did not inform Abu Bakr of it, and Ali prayed over her. Ali had a favorable position among the people during Fatimah's entire life. But when Fatimah died, the people's attention turned away from Ali. So at that moment, Ali resorted to reconciling with Abu Bakr and pledging allegiance to him, although he had not pledged allegiance during those months. He sent word to Abu Bakr, saying, "Come to us, but do not bring anyone with you," and Ali disliked that Umar witness them because he knew Umar's severity. Umar said to Abu Bakr, "Do not enter upon them alone." Abu Bakr replied, "What can they do to me? By Allah, I will go to them." So Abu Bakr entered upon them, and Ali testified. Then he said, "We have recognized, O Abu Bakr, your virtue and what Allah, the Almighty, has given you, and we did not resent any good you were given by Allah." However, you have acted independently in a matter, and we thought we had a share in it." Ali mentioned his relationship to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) and his right, and Ali continued to speak until tears flowed from Abu Bakr's eyes. When Abu Bakr spoke, he said, "By the One in Whose hand is my soul, the family of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) is more beloved to me to support than my own family." As for what transpired between me and you regarding these charities, I did not withhold from good in it, and I would not leave something I saw the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) doing in it without doing it myself." Ali said, "Your appointed time is this evening for the pledge of allegiance." When Abu Bakr prayed the noon prayer (Dhuhr) of four units, he ascended the pulpit, testified, and mentioned the matter of Ali and his delay in pledging allegiance, excusing him for some of what he had used to justify himself regarding the situation. Ali then testified, acknowledging Abu Bakr's right, and stated that what had influenced him to act was neither rivalry with Abu Bakr nor denial of his virtue that Allah had favored him with. He said, "We were merely under the impression that we had a share in the matter that you had seized for yourselves." The Muslims found this reassuring and expressed satisfaction, saying to Ali, "You have acted rightly," and the Muslims were more amenable to Ali when he reconciled with the matter.

Reference: Musnad al Shamayn Book 4
Hadith No: 6
Ibn al-Ifada - Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar
Chapter Six: Islamic History - The Accounts of Abi Bakr al-Siddiq and His Caliphate
Volume: (1) - Page Number: (156)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
- .... And al-Zuhri narrated from Aisha, who said: "Ali did not pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr until Fatimah died, and that was six months after the death of her father (peace be upon him and his holy progeny)." So Ali sent a message to Abu Bakr, and he came to him in his home and pledged allegiance to him. Ali said: "We do not blame you for what Allah has bestowed upon you of فضل (virtue) and خير (goodness), but we feel that we had a share in this matter, and you acted exclusively in it without us, nor do we deny your فضل (virtue)."

Reference: Al Mukhtasar fi Akhbaar Al Bashar Book 1
Hadith No: 7
Ibn Abi al-Hadid - Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah
Volume: (2) - Page Number: (22)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
- .... As for what the majority of narrators and their prominent figures say, it is that he (peace be upon him) refrained from the pledge of allegiance for six months and remained in his home, and did not pledge allegiance until Fatimah (peace be upon her) died. When she died, he pledged allegiance willingly.
- .... And in the Sahihs of Muslim and al-Bukhari: the faces of the people were directed toward him and Fatimah (peace be upon her) afterwards. However, when Fatimah (peace be upon her) died, the faces of the people turned away from him, and he left his home and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr, and her period of remaining with her father (peace be upon him) after his death was six months.

Reference: Sharh Nahj al-Balaaghah Book 2
Hadith No: 8
Ibn Abi al-Hadid - Sharh Nahj al-Balagha (Commentary on Nahj al-Balagha)
Volume: (6) - Page Number: (12)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is presented here]
- .... Ali said: "O group of Emigrants (Muhajirin), heed the words of Allah! Do not drive the Sultan of Muhammad from his home and his house to your homes and your dwellings, and do not displace his family from their rightful place among the people and his due." By Allah, O group of Emigrants, we are the People of the House, more deserving of thismatter than you. Was there not among us one who recited the Book of Allah, a scholar of the religion of Allah, knowledgeable of the Sunnah, and adept in the affairs of the community? By Allah, he is indeed one of us. So do not follow desire, lest you become even more distant from the truth. Bashir ibn Sa'd said: "If only the Ansar had heard this speech from you, Ali, before they pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr, there would have been no disagreement among them." But they have pledged allegiance." And Ali returned to his home without giving his pledge and confined himself to his house until Fatimah died, and then he pledged allegiance.

Reference: Sharh Nahj al-Balaaghah Book 6