Hadith No: 1
Ibn Kathir - Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya - Year Eleven of the Hijra
Events Occurring in that Time and Deaths of Notable Figures and Notables in the Year Eleven of the Hijra
Narrative of Malik ibn Nuwayra al-Yarbu'i al-Tamimi
Volume: (9) - Page Number: (464)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
- .... So when he entered the mosque, Umar ibn al-Khattab stood up to him and seized the arrows from Khalid's turban, crushing them, and said: "Are you showing off by killing a Muslim man?" Then he ascended over his wife, and by Allah, I will stone you with rocks," and Khalid did not speak to him nor did he think anything but that the opinion of the friend (Abu Bakr) regarding him was like that of Umar’s. Until he entered upon Abu Bakr and apologized to him, and Abu Bakr excused him and overlooked what he had done in that matter, and he made restitution for Malik ibn Nuwayra. He came out from him, and Umar was sitting in the mosque, and Khalid said: "Come here to me, O son of Umm Shumla," but he did not respond to him and knew that the friend was pleased with him.
Abu Bakr continued to keep Khalid in command, even though he had exerted himself in the killing of Malik ibn Nuwayra and had erred in his killing, just as when the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) sent him to Abu Judhayma, and he killed those captives who had said: "We have apostasized, we have apostasized," and did not understand that they should say: "We have embraced Islam." The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) ransomed them until he returned to them the size of a dog and raised his hands, saying: "O Allah, I disavow myself before You of what Khalid has done," and yet, he did not dismiss Khalid from command.

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Reference: Al-Bidaayah wa al-Nihaayah Book 9

Hadith No: 2
Al-Baghawi - Tafsir al-Baghawi - Surah Al-Ma'idah (5): 53 - Interpretation of His Statement, exalted be He:
{And those who believed will say, "Are these the ones who swore by Allah their strongest oaths that they were with you?"}
Volume: (3) - Page Number: (69)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
- .... Al-Hasan said, "Allah, Blessed and Exalted be He, knew that a people would turn away from Islam after the death of His Prophet (peace be upon him and his holy progeny), so He informed that He would bring forth a people whom He loves and who love Him." They disagreed about who those people were. Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him and his holy progeny), Al-Hasan, and Qatadah said they are Abu Bakr and his companions who fought against the apostates and those who withheld zakat. This is because when the Prophet (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) passed away, most of the Arabs reverted to disbelief, except for the people of Mecca, Medina, and Bahrain, including those from the tribe of Abd Qais, and some of them withheld zakat. Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) was engaged in fighting them. The companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) were troubled by this. Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said, "How can we fight the people when the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) said, 'I was commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity but Allah'? So, whoever says, 'There is no deity but Allah' protects from me his wealth and life, except for what is his due, and his reckoning is with Allah, the Almighty." Abu Bakr said, "By Allah, I will fight those who distinguish between prayer and zakat, for zakat is a right of wealth. By Allah, if they withhold from me a single goat that they were to give to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny), I would fight them for withholding it."
- Anas ibn Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) said, "The companions disliked fighting those who withheld zakat and said, 'They are the people of the qiblah.'" So Abu Bakr took up his sword and went out alone, and they found no way to avoid following him."

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Reference: Tafseer Albaghawi Book 3

Hadith No: 3
Ibn Abd al-Barr - Al-Istidhkar - Book of Zakat - Chapter on Taking Sadaqat and Strictness Regarding Them
It was reported to Malik that Abu Bakr al-Siddiq said: "If they were to withhold from me a rope, I would fight them for it."
Volume: (9) - Page Number: (224)
13076 - Abdullah ibn Muhammad narrated to us, who said: Muhammad ibn Bishr narrated to us, who said: Abu Dawud narrated to us, who said: Qutaybah ibn Sa'id narrated to us, who said: Al-Layth narrated to us, from Uqayl, from Ibn Shahab al-Zuhri, who said: Ubaydullah ibn Abdullah narrated to me, from Abu Huraira, who said: "When the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) died, Abu Bakr was appointed as his successor, and those who had disbelieved among the Arabs disbelieved. Umar ibn al-Khattab said to Abu Bakr: 'How can we fight the people when the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) said, "I was commanded to fight the people until they say, 'There is no god but Allah.' Whoever says, 'There is no god but Allah' will have his property and life protected from me, except by right, and his reckoning is with Allah."?' Abu Bakr said: "By Allah, I will fight those who differentiate between prayer and zakat, for zakat is the right of wealth. By Allah, if they were to withhold from me a rope that they had been accustomed to giving to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny), I would fight them for its withholding." Umar ibn al-Khattab said: "By Allah, it was only that I saw Allah, the Almighty, had opened Abu Bakr's heart to battle that I knew it was the truth."

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Reference: Al Istizkaar al jame le mazahibi Fuqaha al amsaar Book 9

Hadith No: 4
Ibn Abd al-Barr - al-Istidhkar - Book of Congregational Prayer - Chapter on Repeating Prayer with the Imam
Hadith: "If you come, pray with the people even if you have already prayed"
Volume: (5) - Page Number: (346 / 350)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
7160 - Among the evidences of those who took this position is the action of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may he be pleased with him) in the congregation of the Companions, for they referred to his statement when Umar said to him, "How can we fight the people when the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) said: 'Whoever says, There is no god but Allah, has protected his blood and his wealth except with what is due, and his reckoning is with Allah'."
7161 - Abu Bakr replied, "What is due includes zakat, and by Allah, I will fight those who distinguish between prayer and zakat."
7162 - Umar said, "It was only that I heard this from him, and I knew that Allah had opened his heart to the truth."
7163 - So Abu Bakr and the Companions with him fought against the forbidders of zakat as they refused to pay it, since they distinguished between prayer and zakat. They established prayer while refusing zakat, so whoever refused to establish prayer and abstained from it was more deserving of being killed.
7164 - It is known that these among the people of apostasy did not disbelieve after faith, nor did they associate anything with Allah, and they said to Abu Bakr, "We are not disbelieving after our faith, but we are reluctant to part with our wealth."
7165 - This is evident in the words of their poet, who said:
"We obeyed the Messenger of Allah as long as he was among us,
So what a wonder is it, at the reign of Abu Bakr!
What they asked of you and you prevented,
Is like dates or even more desirable to them than dates."
7166 - As for inheriting their heirs, when Umar ibn al-Khattab (may he be pleased with him) assumed the caliphate, he returned to these people what he found of their wealth in the hands of others, for Abu Bakr had taken them captive just as he had taken the people of apostasy captive.
7167 - The scholars of history said: When Umar (may he be pleased with him) became the caliph, he sent to the women that the Muslims had taken captive from the wives of the forbidders of zakat in what they had seized from the spoils of the people of apostasy, and he offered them the choice to remain with those they were with in marriage and dowry, or to return to their families with a ransom. They chose to remain with those they were with in marriage and dowry.
7168 - The dowry set for those who chose their families was ten uqiyyas for each woman, and an uqiyya is forty dirhams.

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Reference: Al Istizkaar al jame le mazahibi Fuqaha al amsaar Book 5

Hadith No: 5
An-Nawawi - al-Majmu' Sharh al-Muhthab - Takmila Taqi ad-Din as-Subki
Volume: (10) - Page Number: (47)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
- .... It may be that the disagreement had either settled or had not settled similar to their disagreement on killing those who withhold zakat, and then their eventual consensus on the opinion of Abu Bakr (may he be pleased with him). This is permissible with one statement and would be considered a consensus ....

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Reference: Al-Majmu' Sharh al-Mohaddhab Book 10

Hadith No: 6
Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi - Kanz al-'Ummal fi Sunan al-Aqwal wal-Af'al
Volume: (5) - Page Number: (619)
14091 - Narrated from Ibn Abi Aun and others: that Khalid ibn al-Walid alleged that Malik ibn Nuwayra had renounced Islam due to words he heard attributed to him. Malik denied this and said, "I am upon Islam as long as I do not change or alter," and Abu Qatadah and Abdullah ibn Umar testified to this on his behalf. Khalid then advanced to confront Malik and commanded Darar ibn al-Azwār al-Asadi to strike his neck. Khalid seized Malik's wife and said to Abu Bakr: "Indeed, he has committed adultery, so stone him." Abu Bakr replied: "I would not stone him; he interpreted and made an error." Khalid then said: "But he has killed a Muslim, so kill him." Abu Bakr said: "I would not kill him; he interpreted and made an error." Khalid urged: "Then remove him." Abu Bakr replied: "I would not tarnish," a sword that Allah has unsheathed upon them forever.

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Reference: Kanz al-Ummaal fi Sunan al-Aqwaal wa al-Af'aal Book 5

Hadith No: 7
Ibn al-Atheer - The History of Ibn al-Atheer - Chapter Six: Islamic History
The Events of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and His Caliphate (r)
Volume: (1) - Page Number: (157/158)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
- .... In the days of Abu Bakr, the people of Yarbura' denied the zakat, and their leader was Malik ibn Nuwayra. He was a respected, authoritative Persian king and a poet who came to the Prophet (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) and accepted Islam. The Prophet appointed him to oversee the charity of his people. However, when he denied the zakat, Abu Bakr sent the aforementioned Malik ibn Nuwayra to Khalid ibn al-Walid regarding the matter of the zakat. Malik said, "I was brought to discuss prayer, not zakat." Khalid replied, "Did you not know that prayer and zakat together are not accepted if one is neglected?" Malik responded, "Your companion used to say that." Khalid said, "Do you not see that you have two companions? By God, I have felt like striking your neck." They then began to argue, and Khalid said to him, "I will kill you." Malik replied, "Is that what your companion commanded you?" Khalid said, "And this is after that." Abdullah ibn Umar and Abu Qatada al-Ansari were present, and they both followed Khalid in this matter, but he disliked their words. Malik said, "O Khalid, send us to Abu Bakr, and let him be the one to judge between us." Khalid replied, "May God not allow me to be relieved if I relieve you," and he instructed Darrar ibn al-Azwar to strike Malik's neck. Malik turned to his wife and said to Khalid, "This is the one who killed me," and she was in the utmost beauty. Khalid replied, "Rather, God killed you for your return to Islam." Malik said, "I am upon Islam," but Khalid retorted, "O Darrar, strike his neck." Darrar struck his neck and made his head a cooking stone (uthfiya).... Khalid said to Ibn Umar and Abu Qatada, "Witness the marriage." But they both refused. Ibn Umar said to him, "We will write to Abu Bakr and inform him of her situation, and he can marry her." Khalid refused and married her himself. In this, Abu Namir al-Sadi commented:
Khalid judged unjustly against him over his bride, and he had an inclination for her before that.
Khalid fulfilled his desire, unmoved by the reins of love, nor able to restrain himself.
He became a man with a family, while Malik * was left to another family, perishing in calamities.
When this reached Abu Bakr and Umar, Umar said to Abu Bakr, "Khalid has committed adultery; stone him." Abu Bakr replied, "I would not stone him, for he interpreted and erred." Umar continued, "But he has killed a Muslim; kill him." Abu Bakr said, "I would not kill him, for he interpreted and erred." Umar insisted, "Then depose him." Abu Bakr replied, "I would not sheathe a sword that God has unsheathed against them."

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Reference: Tarikh Abi al-Fidaa Book 1

Hadith No: 8
Ibn Asakir - Tarikh Damishq (History of Damascus) - Letter Kha
1922 - Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira ibn Abdullah ibn Umar ...
Volume: (16) - Page Number: (256)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
- Abu Ghalib Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Mawardi narrated to us, saying: Abu al-Hasan al-Sirafi narrated to me, saying: Ahmad ibn Ishaq al-Nahawandi narrated to us, saying: Ahmad ibn Imran narrated to us, saying: Musa ibn Zakariya narrated to us, saying: Khalifah ibn Khayyat narrated to us, saying: Ali ibn Muhammad narrated to us from Ibn Abi Dhiyab, from al-Zuhri, from Salim, from his father, who said: Abu Qatadah came to Abu Bakr and informed him of the killing of Malik and his companions. Abu Bakr grieved greatly at this and wrote to Khalid ibn al-Walid, who then came to him. Abu Bakr said: "Can Khalid do anything but interpret the situation and be mistaken?" Abu Bakr dismissed Khalid ibn al-Walid, compensated Malik ibn Nuwaira, and returned the captives and wealth. Khalifah narrated to us, saying: Bukr narrated to us from Ibn Ishaq, who said: Khalid entered upon Abu Bakr and informed him of the news, apologizing to him. Abu Bakr accepted his apology and said: Mitim ibn Nuwaira mourns his brother Malik ibn Nuwaira in a lengthy poem.

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Reference: Tarikh e Damishq Book 16

Hadith No: 9
Al-Ayni - Umdat al-Qari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari
Chapter: {But if they repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, then leave their way free.} (Surah At-Tawbah 9:5)
Volume: (1) - Page Number: (182/183)
[The text is lengthy, so only the relevant excerpt is provided here]
- Tenth: That this hadith clarifies and restricts what has been mentioned in other unrestricted hadiths, including what was said in the hadith of Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) and his discussion with Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) regarding the issue of fighting those who withhold zakah. In that discussion, Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said to Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him): "How can you fight the people when the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his holy progeny) said: 'I was commanded to fight the people until they say, "There is no deity but Allah." Whoever says, "There is no deity but Allah" has protected his blood and wealth from me, except by right, and their reckoning is with Allah'?" Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) replied: "By Allah, I will fight those who differentiate between prayer and zakah." Thus, Abu Bakr's (may Allah be pleased with him) transition to analogy and Umar's (may Allah be pleased with him) objection to him is a strong indication that this was not clear to them or to those present among the companions (may Allah be pleased with them)....

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Reference: Umdat alqari Sharh Saheeh albukhari Book 1